Life in Madinah

First  year of hijrat  (624 AD)

1. Mosque of holy prophet 
2. Azan
3. Settlement of Muhajirin
4. Treaty with jews

1. Mosque of holy prophet
this was the first important thing that holy prophet did. The land for the mosque was bought from two orphans and Holy prophet with his companions worked very hard to complete the construction of the mosque. This mosque was known as "Mosque of holy prophet" or as masjid-e-nabawi.
The walls of mosque were made of unbaked bricks and the roof of mud and date palm leaves, trunks of date palm trees were used as pillars.
large platform was made in the corner with thatched roof. This is known as Suffah. It became a training center of Islamic education and also shelter for poor Muslims.
Importance

• Muslims now had a place of worship in congregation
• this mosque became center of education
• mosque was also social community center where Muslims would gather
• it was also a military center as all disscusion were made here
• it also initially served as a court as the legal matters were also decided there
• the mosque had house of holy prophet attached to it

2.  Azan (call for prayers) 
In order to call Muslims for offering congregational prayers Azan was introduced, as suggested by Hazrat Umar. Hazrat Bilal was appointed as Muezzin.

3. Settlement of Muhajirin
Muslims in madinah were of two categories one who migrated from Makkah to madinah were known as Muhajirin and second were Ansar who belonged to madinah and gave shelter to emigrants (muhajirins).
Holy prophet established brotherhood between these two groups, he told  ansar that muhajirins are in need of help and they should help them, ansars accepted and gave muhajirins place to live in their houses and treated them as brothers.
Importance

• it was to help the people who had migrated
• it was an attempt to increase unity among muslims
• it was to avoid growth in ecnomic class system in Islamic state
• it was also to set an example for  the leaders that how they should rule their people by binding then in bond of brotherhood
• it was also to convey the universal concept of brother hood

4. Treaty with Jews
There were three major tribes of Jews: Banu Qainaiqa, Banu nazir and Banu Quraiza.
Holy prophet realized that foundation of  Islamic empire would be very weak without the support of all people of madinah. Particularly Muslims had threat from Quraish. Then holy prophet called Muslims and Jewish tribes for a consultation. He invited them to consider any system for safety of madinah. After exchange of views agreement reached equal rights. It stated that the Muslims and Jews were allies and  would help each other and in case of attack on madinah both would defend it.
Importance

• the holy prophet was able to prevent the rise of hostility between Muslims and Jews the way  it had been in Makkah between Muslims and quraish.
• this set an example for Muslims that how they can set peace between non muslims under their rule
• the treaty gave Muslims hope as both Muslims and Jews would defend madinah if any attack was done on madinah
• the status of holy  prophet was raised quiet high as he was recognized as undispute leader by the people of madinah

Second Year of Hijrat (625 AD)

1. Four orders (Fasting, Zakat, Change of qiblah and Permission of Jihad)
2. Battle of Badar

1. Orders

i. Fasting

Fasting  in the month of Ramadan was made obligatory on all adult Muslims in second year of hijrat.
Words of Quran: "O you who believe! Fasting is prescribed to you as it was prescribed to  those before you so that you may (learn) self-resistance" (2:183)

ii. Zakat
The payment of zakat was also made obligatory on all rich Muslims, following words describe it "And spend of yoursubstance in the cause of Allah,... do good: for Allah loveth those who do good." (2:195)

iii. Change of Qiblah
Qiblah is the direction where Muslims turns their faces while offering prayer. In Makkah Muslims used to face  Masjid Al-Aqsa and they did same in madinah for over 16 months. In2 A.H. while holy prophet was leading  Asr prayers he was ordered to face towards ka'abah, this    became the religious center for Muslims.

iv. Permission of Jihad
Jihad is  struggle in the way of Allah or to express  struggle against one's evil inclinations  or exertion for the sake of Islam and the Muslim Ummah.

Badar

2. Battle of Badar (causes and events)

In makkah holy prophet had only one enemy to deal with Quraish who eventually forced holy prophet to migrate from makkah. But then in Madinah He had to face three enemies firstly Quraish, secondly Jews who later started to break every treaty done with Muslims they began to  intrigue and the third were Hypocrites or the Munafiqin who had acceppted islam but worked against Muslims.
Allah had already gave permission to muslims for jihad. When the holy prophet got news that Quraish was advancing to madinah to  attack, holy prophet called muslims to defend there were three hundred and thirteen men with two horses and two camels. Both tribes  met at Badr (a village eighty mile away from Madinah). Quraish were in thousands and well equipped, they came with huge quantity  of food. On the side of muslim there was  no water available. Battle began holy prophet prostrated to Allah and asked for help, suddenly huge rainfall and Muslims collected water.
Allah granted victory to Muslims. seventy Quraish were killed and seventy were taken as prisoners. Muslims lost only fourteen people.
Importance

• this made Muslims base stronger
• this showed that not only equipments are necessary to win but truth can
• holy Quran describes this day as 'day of testing' in 8:41
• Position of Muslims became stronger
• strength of Quraish was broken
• many unbelievers accepted Islam
• Influence of Islam and holy prophet began outside of Madinah
• As Quran describes it sign of Allah 3:13

Third year of Hijrat (624 AD)

1. Battle of Uhad

1. Battle of Uhad

After Muslims gain victory in battle of Badr, Islam gained strong base in Madinah and importance of city began to rise. Quraish considered the rise in Muslims as threat to their political interests, they also wanted to avenge their deaths.

Quraish attacked Muslims. Why did they attacked? Because:

Uhad Jabal

• Some of Quraish people had been killed in Battle of Badr, they wanted to avenge their deaths
• They feared that might their economic and political status come to decline.
• They did not want Muslims to get in majority 

Finally fully armed force of three thousand men left Makkah for Madinah. Holy prophet and his companions decided to meet enemies out of Madinah, three miles away from Madinah, Quraish they camped at foot hills known as Uhad. Holy prophet advanced with one thousand companions. Abdullah bin Ubbay with three hundred companions excused that holy prophet has turned down his decision of fighting. Holy prophet left with seven hundred men. Later after the fight began when archers saw enemy retreating they left their post for collecting the booty, Khalid bin Walid the head of enemies attacked from behind and Muslims were in confusion. Enemies raised a cry that holy prophet was killed, Muslims left the fight and then holy prophet called out companions to come back, now their support had increased and were rallied.

Both parties were exhausted, soon each army prepared to leave and fight ended. Ladies went to give water to wounded soldiers in battlefield.

Importance

• Muslims realized that victory is not only their right. 
• Muslims realized they should not expect to win all battles
• This battle showed that decision should be made when majority accepts certain decision, As done by holy prophet, he wanted to fight inside Madinah but he agreed on what others agreed
• This battle distinguished true believers from hypocrites 

Fourth Year of Hijrat (627 AD)

1. Banu Nazir

1. Banu Nazir

Banu nazir tribe of Jews plotted to kill holy prophet. Holy prophet sent them massage to leave madinah in ten days, they refused and shut them selves in fortresses. Holy prophet led and army against them and laid siege to their forts. After siege of two weeks they surrendered and were exiled from Madinah.

Fifth Year of Hijrat (628 AD)

1. Battle of Trench
2. Banu Quraiza

1. Battle of Trench

An example of Trench

After battle of Uhad Muslims were able to regain their former position, Quraish were worried about increasing power in Muslims was threat to their Political status.

Jewish tribe Banu Nazir kept plotting against Muslims they asked for help from Quraish and the agreed to support them they also gain support of Ghatafan and some other tribes. With an army of ten thousand men under the command of Abu Sufyan, the marched to Madinah. Holy prophet called companions, Hazrat Salman Farsi (one of the companions) advised to dig a trench, three sides of Madinah were safe because of population and oasis, the fourth side was unsafe it was syrian route. Holy prophet agreed to dig a trench on the side it was open to attack. Banu Quraiza also broke treaty with Muslims and turned against then, this battle is also called battle of Ahzab. The siege last for a month in which Muslims need to face hunger, coldness and attacks by enemies. Allah is always there for believers, one night a blast of cold wind came it blew enemies tents and their fire were extinguished. Sever sand and rain beat in their faces, enemies withdrew in utter confusion. Muslims gained victory.

Importance

• it was the last battle between Muslims and Quraish which resulted into the complete destruction of Quraish as they were never able to recover from this defeat.
• it exposed the Jewish tribe of Banu Quraiza which had openly joined Quraish 
• battle proved to be in favor of Muslims  
• the confidence of Muslims was regained as they saw the devine support given to them in form of storm
• many tribes saw growing power of Islam they either accepted Islam or offered alliance with the Muslims
• Quran contain number of references about this battle

2. Banu Quraiza

Banu Quraiza was a Jewish tribe, in violation of agreement signed with holy prophet, had helped the enemies of Islam in battle of Ahzab. Holy prophet therefore advanced against their fortresses and surrounded them. the siege continued for about a month after which Banu Quraiza surrender.

Sixth year of Hijrat

1. Treaty of Hudaibiya 

1. Treaty of Hudaibiya

Bait-e-Rizwan

Holy prophet had a dream that he had entered a sacred Mosque at Makkah. Therefore, he decided to go Makkah to perform Umrah. Holy prophet with fourteen hundred unarmed companions set out for Makkah. Quraish did not allowed them to enter Makkah. Holy prophet therefore stopped at Makkah and sent his companion to Quraish to tell them that we are unarmed and we want to perform Ummrah. The companion didn't return then another was sent, when he also didn't came back holy prophet sent Hazrat Usman. Hazrat Usman also didn't came back rumor spread that he is killed. Then holy prophet collected all of his followers under the oasis of Rizwan. He took from them oath that they would lay down their lives in the name of Allah. This oath is known as Bait-e-Rizwan.

Quraish were disturbed when they heard of this they decided to sign a treaty (Treaty of Hudaibiya) with Muslims. It had following terms:

1. Muslims would return to Madinah that year
2. They would be permitted to come for pilgrimage next year but would stay only for three days in Makkah
3. if Quraish from Makkah would join Muslim without permission of their guardians they would be sent back, but if Muslims from Madinah went to Makkah will not be sent back
4. there would be no fighting for ten years

many of Muslims including Hazrat Usman were not happy with terms because the terms were very harsh and against the interests of Muslims.

Importance

• peace was established between Makkah and Madinah
• holy prophet sent letter out of Arabia so Islam was Propagated
• Quran called this victory
• Muslims got chance to visit Makkah
• it led to conquest of Makkah
• Chance to perform Umrah
• Khyber expedition

Seventh year of Hijrat (630 AD)

1. Massage of Islam to Kings and Emperors
2. Khyber Expedition
3. Relations Between Prophet and Jews 
4. Performance of Umrah

1. Massage of Islam to Kings and Emperors

Now holy prophet decided to sent invitation to neighboring kings and emperors.
Among those to whom the holy prophet sent his letter were:

1. Heracuils, the roman Emperor: He had read out later sent by holy prophet. Later sent to Abu Sufyan who was enemy of holy prophet, he was greatly impressed. He didn't accepted but sent a polite letter to holy prophet.
2. Chosroes, Emperor of Persia: He insulted holy prophets messenger and tore the letter into pieces. When holy prophet heard that he said his kingdom would soon be broken, and that happened. His own son killed him and ascended the throne but after sometime drank poison and died.
3. Negus, Emperor of Abyssinia: He was impressed and embraced the Islam and sent some presents to holy prophet
4.  Cyrus, Ruler of Egypt: He treated holy prophets messenger with a great honor and sent some presents these include Hazrat Maria whom holy prophet later married and a horse name Duldul. He did not embraced Islam. 
5. The Rulers of Bahrain and Oman: Both of them embraced Islam.

2. Khyber expedition

Banu nazir and Jewish tribe after being exiled from Madinah kept plotting againts muslims they were supported by Ghatafan tribe and Hypocrites of Madinah.

When they came to know about Muslims terms with Quraish they thought Muslims had got weak, they began to prepare to attack on Muslims. When Jews saw Muslims army under the command of Holy prophet at Khyber, Jews shut themselves in their seven well-guarded fortresses. Jews then from their fortresses showered arrows over Muslims, Holy prophet commanded to attack. Muslims captured all fortresses without any difficulty, but fight continued for twenty days when they reach fort Qamus which was strongest fort. Seeing Muslims army under the command of Hazrat Ali and Mahrab Jews warrior came  out of the fort to fight Hazrat Ali killed him in first attack and then Jews got  to surrender and Muslims captured the fort.

3.Relations between the Prophet and the Jews
After holy prophet came to Madinah he made agreements with Jews to defend their city. Instead of defending it they created a campaign of slander against Islam and its followers. They also contacted Quraish of Makkah against Muslims. They did not help Muslims in the battle of badr as sign in treaty, after the battle Ka'ab the leader of the Jews and propagated against Muslims. He even tried to murder holy prophet. Banu Qunaiqa (one of  the three tribes of Jews) were the first to break the treaty and fought with Muslims between the periods of  Battle of Badr and Battle of Uhad. Siege was enforced against Banu Qunaiqa as a result they were expulsed from Madinah. Ka'ab was executed in third year of Hijrat because of his attempts against Makkah and Madinah.
In fourth year of Hijrat Banu Nazir tribe planned to murder holy prophet, holy prophet sent them message to leave Madinah within ten day but they refused and shut them in their fortresses after the siege of two weeks they surrendered.
The third tribe of Jews Banu Quraiza supported Quraish in Battle of Ditch. After battle they were told to leave city but by their refuse Prophet sieged their settlements, then they surrendered and agreed on Jewish old law of the Old Testament. Their men were slain, women sold as captives and their land was divided among Muslims. In 5th A.H. the fortresses at khyber were besieged and captured by the Muslims, Jews were allowed to remain there by the contributing a share of their produce with Muslim Government. Still many Jews attempted to murder prophet but fortunately he was saved.
Performance of Umrah
According to treaty of Hudaibiya, Muslims can perform Umrah next year. So holy prophet told his companions to not take any arms with them and they were allowed to enter Makkah. After three days in Makkah the left for Madinah.

Eighth Year of Hijrat ( 631 AH)

1. Battle of Mutah
2. Conquest of Makkah
3. Siege to Taif 

1. Battle of Mutah
The holy prophet sent and message with a letter to Roman Emperor who was Christian. Messenger was killed at Mutah, place in Syria. Holy prophet sent  and army of three thousand Muslims. One by one different  leaders were sent to due to deaths. Muslims army under command of Khalid bin Walid defeated enemy.

2. Conquest of Makkah
After the treaty of Hudaibiya Khuza tribe joined Muslims, while Banu Bakr became ally of Quraish. One of the terms of the treaty were  that neither party would fight an ally of other party. Quraish along Banu Bakr killed men of Banu Khuza. Deputation of Banu Khuza asked for the help from holy prophet. Holy prophet sent message to Quraish offering them three alternatives:

1. To pay blood money for the men of Banu Khuza.
2. To dissolve their alliance with Banu Bakr.
3. To declare that treaty of Hudaibiya stood dissolved.

Quraish chose third options. Muslims had no other option other than to fight. Holy prophet declared order of jihad.
Holy prophet with and army of ten thousand reach Makkah on 10th of Ramazan. Holy prophet divided his army in four groups and gave them instructions that don't attack unless they were attacked. Unit under the command of Khalid bin walid was attacked by Banu Bakr and also by some of hostile Quraish.
Before entering Makkah holy prophet announced a general pardon that people who laid down their arms would be safe and that anyone who closed the door of his house will be safe. Entry of holy prophet's army in Makkah was very peaceful. Holy prophet preformed Tawaf, after that Prophet ordered destruction of idols placed in Ka'abah by non-believers. When holy prophet came out of Ka'abah there was huge crowd of Quraish including holy prophets bitterest enemies.
Holy prophet asked them what treatment they could except at his hands. They cried out:
"You are our noble brother"
On this, the Holy prophet said, "there shall be no reproach against you this day, go, you are free!"
Importance

• It opened a new era in Islam
• It settled struggle for supremacy in Arabia
• Prophet Muhammad's position was elevated to a paramount position.
• Many people came in crowds to embrace Islam
• Holy prophet stayed for fifteen days in which many tribes came to embrace Islam

3.Siege to Taif

After their defeat at Hunain, Some of enemies took refuge at Taif. The Holy Prophet deputed a small army which defeated them and captured many of them. There after Holy Prophet proceeded with his army and laid seige to the fortresses in which they had taken refuge. The seige continued for twenty days after which it lifted. In 9 A.H., whole taif embraced Islam.

Ninth Year of Hijrat (632 AD)

1. Tabuk Expedition
2. Reasons of fights with Quraish 

1. Tabuk Expedition

In 9th A.H. Holy Prophet recived information that the Roman Emperor had organised a huge army which the Emperor himself was comanding and had arravied near the frontier. Holy Prophet ordered for preprations to be made to meet his challange.

Problems were:

At that time famine in Hejaz

Scarcity of water in Madinah and surrounding areas

Intense Heat

It was the time of ripening of fruits and plucking of dates

Arms and equipments for fighting the large army of Roman Emperor was not available

For these reasons this is called Expedition of Straitness. 

Holy Prophet made an appeal for donations. On which Hazrat Usaman gave one thousand gold dinars and three hundred camels laden with grains. Hazrat Umar gave half of his cash, household and cattle and Hazrat Abu Bakr donated everything that he had, Other Arabs made excuses to not to accompanying the Muslim army.

Holy Prophet with army of thirty thousand men and encamped at Tabuk. The strength of army demoralised the Romans who dispersed without any fighting. Holy Prophet remain at Tabuk for twenty days in which number of tribes came to embrace Islam. Tabuk Expedition was last military expedition in which Holy Prophet personally took part.

2. Reasons why the Holy Prophet had to fight against the Quraish

In 2nd year of Hijrat Muslims were given permission to fight (Jihad) by Allah. Holy Prophet thought necessary to fight with Quraish in Battle of Badr if Muslims had not fought them in self-defence, the small number of Muslims would have been killed and Islam would have been wiped out from the earth forever. Quraish were the great ememies of Islam and it was necessary to put them down in order to spread Islam.

Tenth Year of Hijrat (633 AD)

1. Year of deputations
2. Farewell Pilgrimage
3. Sermon of the Holy Prophet

1. Year of Deputations

10th year of Hijrat is called Year of Deputations because numerous tribes of Arabia came to Holy Prophet to join Allahs faith.

2. Farewell Pilgrimage

This was the most important event of 10th year of Hijrat. Holy prophet sent his messengers to all parts of Arabia to inform Muslims that holy prophet had invited them to accompany him to perform Pilgrimage. Holy prophet left Madinah on the 25th of Ziqad, 10 A.H., in the company of one hundred fourteen thousand of his followers; all his wives accompanied him.

3. Sermon of The Holy Prophet

holy prophet gave his last sermon on Plain of Arfat on Jabal-e-Rehmat. His last sermon highlighted the rights of womens status and how to treat them, he explained it to people.

Holy Prophet also covered and explained Reforms about social and economic living life style.

Holy prophet said that we are Adams generation , he gave message to establish brotherhood and he said that don't make differences between yourself of cast, color or status. By this message womens were given their rights and brotherhood was established. Holy prophet said this may be my last message and Hajj because I have completed my mission of spreading Islam and Allahs messages.

Eleventh year of Hijrat (634 AD)

1. Illness and Death

By the eleventh year of Hijrat, paith prevailed all over Arabia and peace was established. In the month of Safar, the Holy Prophet became ill then later he shifted to the apartment of Hazrat Aisha.  After the illness of thirteen days, he breathed his last on  12th of Rabi-ul-Awwal. His age at the time of death was 63 years. He was buried in the apartment of Hazrat 

Aisha.